1) The original sculpture is first created in clay

2) From this positive original clay sculpture, a multi-section negative mold is made. To obtain this rubber negative, the positive clay cast is shellacked, greased and covered with clay approx ½ thick, and the clay in turn is covered with a plaster shell. After this outer plaster shell has dried, the shell which is divided into two or more parts is opened, the clay inside is removed, and the shell is cleaned and greased. The original sculpture is then enclosed within the two parts of the shell, and rubber is poured between the outer plaster shell and the original sculpture. A negative rubber mold is thus obtained.

3) The rubber negative is now ready to have layers of red wax brushed on it. Then the two sections are carefully placed together and wax is poured inside and hardened.

4) After the wax has hardened, the rubber negative is removed leaving a wax copy of the sculpture. The wax is retouched with heated metal sculptural tools to correct any imperfections.

5) Wax tubes called gates and vents are now attached to the outside of the wax sculpture. These are necessary for the flow of the molten bronze into the cavity and exit of the air trapped in the mold during the pouring process.

6) The wax copy with the gates and vents attached is encased in a mixture of ceramic sand with the ends of the gates and vents exposed. The piece in its encasement is placed in an oven. The entire mass is backed slowly to get rid of all moisture in the ceramic and also to melt all of the wax inside. During the heating, which takes two days or longer, the wax runs out of the gates and vents.

7) The ceramic shell is then braced in a sand pit, and molten bronze is poured inside through the gates. The molten bronze fills the space left where the wax melted or was “lost”. When the bronze has cooled, the ceramic is removed from the bronze.

8) The bronze gates and vents are then cut off, and the bronze sculpture is retouched where the gates and vents were connected to it.

9) The bronze is now cleaned in acid, chased, ground and sanded. Finally, various acids are applied to produce different colors desired. The acid is brushed on, and heat is applied with a torch until the appropriate shading of color is reached.